アーユルヴェーダ予習①

J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018 Jul-Sep; 9(3): 225–232.

Published online 2017 Dec 21. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.10.002

PMCID: PMC6148064

PMID: 29276113

Ayurveda and the science of aging

Rammohan V. Rao^a,b

 

Aging has been defined as the total sum of physiological changes that progressively leads to the death of the individual. It is also defined as the intrinsic, inevitable, and irreversible age-associated loss of viability that render us more susceptible to a number of diseases and death or a progressive functional decline of physiological function and a decrease in fecundity with age.

：その通りです。切ないけれど。

Aging has two main components, Chronological Aging which refers to the actual age of the person in terms of years, months, and days. This component of aging is unstoppable, unchangeable and irreversible. Physiological/Biological aging is the second component and refers to an individual's development and changes based on certain cellular or molecular parameters. This involves looking at the individuals as they are and as they function, and not when they are born.

：後者にアプローチできるのかな。

There is no one single cause or trigger of the aging phenomenon as there are many different and often conflicting theories of aging. At the cellular level, changes that contribute to aging include reduction in stem cell proliferation in a number of tissues, accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and free radicals, accumulation of senescent cells that trigger inflammation and impairment in mitochondrial function. At the genomic level, accumulation of mutations in DNA together with faulty DNA repair processes and telomere shortening are all associated with early signs of aging.

：はい。このどっちかにアプローチしてAgingと戦おうとしている人がいっぱいいる。特に代謝の観点からこれらにアプローチしようとした例として有名なのが、

Metabolizing fewer calories could result in reduced oxidative damage or alternatively, absence of nutrients may trigger certain defense mechanisms that protect the body from decaying. 

：カロリー制限。猿のやつかな。あとは、

Another factor that is being thoroughly explored is the fallout from long term chronic inflammation. While several age-associated diseases involve the inflammatory process, long lived healthy individuals including centenarians are generally free from age-associated inflammatory diseases.

：慢性炎症を避ける。そして、

In addition, extension of lifespan in humans could also be achieved by lowering the rate of free radical induced-oxidative damage to tissues, replacement and/or rejuvenation of damaged tissues and cells, reversal of harmful epigenetic changes, or enhancing the telomerase activity.

：フリーラジカル。

Aging is a major risk factor for most chronic diseases and researchers agree that if we can address the issue of aging itself, we could potentially delay and diminish age-associated diseases all at once. This approach is very attractive as researchers do not need to discover drugs to combat specific age-associated conditions like cancer, diabetes or dementia, but instead treat the aging process itself.

：Agingをさける→慢性疾患の頻度が減る→病気にかからず元気でいられる。すてき。

この文献によると、エビデンスが確立してる(かどうかは知らないが)Agingへのアプローチは、

・ビタミンC/E、Q10、N-アセチルシステイン、βカロテンなどの抗酸化物質がいいかも。

・サーチュイン(カロリー制限で活性化する"長寿遺伝子")を活性化するレスベラトールは、少なくともネズミでは寿命がのびるらしい(人間ではまだエビデンスないらしい)。

・メトホルミンとか、アカルボースとかで寿命のびるかも。

・ラパマイシン＝シロリムス(mTOR阻害)で、寿命はのびるわ、アルツハイマーにはならないわ、心血管障害防げるわ、ガンにはならないわ、らしい。

・カロリー制限

・クローンする。

 According to Ayurveda, Jara/aging is not a disease but a natural phenomenon like hunger, thirst or sleep.

：自然なこと。日本人としては、その通りに感じる。

The term Jara/aging termdenotes four entities: Nityaga which signifies continuation of consciousness, Dhari which denotes the factor(s) that prevent the body from Jara/aging, Jeevitam which represents the act of keeping alive and Anubandha that denotes transmigration of the body. Accordingly, Jara/aging is influenced by factors affecting Sharrera (physical), Indriya (emotional), Satwa (psychic level), Agni (metabolism) and Bala/Ojas (immunity). In addition, Parinama (cellular transformation), Sharira vriddhikara bhavas (genotypic and phenotypic characteristics) and Garbhahinivrittikara bhava (pregnancy-induced fetal development and changes) also affect an individual's aging process.

：ちょっともう言葉が限界。Agingにまつわるこういう現象は自然だけど、人間は老いたくないし死にたくない、そのくせに身体にわるいことをいくらでもする。そういうときに、アーユルヴェーダ？

Ayurveda takes a holistic approach toward the maintenance of dhatusamya, a state of equilibrium of normal anatomical, biological, physiological, mental and spiritual well-being. Hence a balanced state (sama) of tissue (dhatu), energy systems (Dosha), heat of transformation (Agni) and metabolic wastes (mala) constitute homeostasis in Ayurveda that leads to healthy aging (Sukhayu/Kalaja Vriddhavastha).

：それっぽいこと書いてある。いい感じ。

用語説明

・Kala Parinama：年を経ることに伴う心身の変化

・Prakruti：個人個人の生物学的な”体質”

・Doshas：細胞レベルで寿命を定めるエネルギーシステム（Vata, Pitta, Kapha）

・Ahara：たべもの

・Achara：サーカディアンリズムをつかさどる生理学的な機構

・Jatharagni：消化パワー

すこやかな毎日のためのAyurveda

According to Ayurveda, our personality is determined by what, when, where and how we eat.　Ayurveda insists that conscious eating favors optimal digestion that directly and swiftly corrects imbalances and, in doing so, prevents diseases, ends suffering and delays the aging process. Ayurveda recommends the importance of eating a wholesome, constitution-specific diet and being in tune with nature while eating, as it influences and impacts our digestion, metabolism and lifespan.

：「人間はたべるものでつくられる」

The sun represents the fire element and in the physical body this is reflected as the process of transformation of the food by the heat of the digestive juices (Jatharagni) [84]. Thus, when the sun is at its peak, digestion is stronger and optimal. Ayurveda recommends eating the largest meal during the midday hours and smaller meals in the morning and evening to prevent the metabolism from going awry.

：これはほんとに西洋医学でもそうな気がする。15時以前or以降でランチたべる研究では、後者があきらかに太ってて体重おちないらしい。

Furthermore, nutritionists are also closely looking at maternal diet and its impact on fetal growth and metabolism. While maternal undernutrition is a major factor contributing to adverse pregnancy, over indulgence of poor quality food during pregnancy is also a contributing factor for adverse metabolic outcomes in the offspring later in life.

：妊婦の栄養の大切さ。ご存じ葉酸不足による神経管閉鎖障害や、栄養不足によるDMなど。

Ayurveda cautions that poor sleep patterns can be debilitating as it triggers age-associated pathological conditions that can hasten the aging process. Research studies indicate that insufficient sleep can disrupt circadian rhythms that results in negative health outcomes, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive impairment.

Poor sleep quality not only disrupts the circadian rhythms but also triggers metabolic diseases including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.

For health and optimum healthspan, Ayurveda recommends a set of daily routines (morning, noon and night) of self-care. These guidelines include time of waking and sleeping, elimination, hygiene, massage, mindfulness practices, diet, work, and travel all during the course of the day and night. The routine calls for optimal times to awake, sleep, oral care, care of eyes, nose, ears and skin. Routines also include cleansing procedures, bowel habits, yoga, breath practices and massage. These daily observances were encouraged in order to maintain the synchronicity of circadian rhythms with time of the day, night and seasons (dinacharya, ratricharya & ritucharya respectively) and to help ward off all acute or chronic conditions that have a deleterious influence on the aging process.

Periodical detoxification, purification, and rejuvenation therapies classified as panchakarma therapies in Ayurveda, are highly recommended as they provide the strength and nourishment to the deeper tissues (Dhatus) and pacifies age-associated health issues.

：6週うけると、腸内細菌叢が変わって血漿のある代謝産物が減るらしい（いいこと？これが何を意味するかまでは書いてなかった。）

Regular oil massage (Abhyanga) with warm oil that is often infused with the individual's constitution-specific herbs is beneficial for maintaining good health and to delay age-associated pathological changes.

Significant brain functional activation changes together with increased cerebral blood flow were observed in participants who received oil massage.

：認知症や中枢神経損傷にもいいとかなんとか書いてある。すごいなあ。

A daily practice of yoga, meditation and pranayama (breath practices) helps to delay the aging process. The results from a meta-analysis study clearly show that the above mentioned yogic practices enhance muscular strength and body flexibility, improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, promote recovery from addiction, reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improve sleep patterns, and enhance overall well-being and quality of life.

：さいこうやな。

結論にかいてあったことをふんわりまとめる

・Agingに対する態度は現代西洋医学とアーユルヴェーダでいくらか異なる

・西洋医学の一部では、Agingは経年変化とともに細胞にいろんな蓄積や異常が起こり、様々な疾患をひきおこしうる”予防すべき、治すべき病期”ともいえる身体状態といわれる

・そのためにはメトホルミンなど様々な薬剤をばんばん使って、ひとつひとつ立ち向かう

・アーユルヴェーダでは、Agingは自然で避けようもない現象ととらえる

・しかし、自然や宇宙と同調しながら、協調のなかにAgingをすることがすこやか

ふんわり。ふんわり。東洋っぽいな。楽しみ。